Composição bioativa e riscos à saúde associados ao consumo de bebidas energéticas: uma revisão científica abrangente
Palavras-chave:
Bebidas Energéticas; Cafeína; Taurina; Eletrólitos.
Resumo
Resumo: As bebidas energéticas tornaram-se cada vez mais populares em todo o mundo, especialmente entre jovens que buscam melhora no desempenho e redução da fadiga. Contudo, o consumo crescente desses produtos tem levantado preocupações devido à presença de compostos bioativos, como cafeína, taurina, guaraná, ginseng, vitaminas do complexo B, adoçantes artificiais, glucuronolactona, minerais e eletrólitos. Esses ingredientes, quando ingeridos em excesso ou combinados, podem comprometer a saúde cardiovascular, neurológica e metabólica. Este estudo consiste em uma revisão descritiva da literatura baseada em artigos obtidos nas bases PubMed, Connected Papers e Consensus, utilizando palavras-chave como “Bebidas Energéticas”, “Composição Nutricional” e “Riscos à Saúde”. Não foram aplicadas restrições de período de publicação, permitindo incluir tanto estudos clássicos quanto pesquisas recentes, de forma a oferecer uma visão abrangente sobre os potenciais efeitos adversos do consumo dessas bebidas. Os resultados indicam que a cafeína é o composto mais preocupante, associado a insônia, ansiedade, aumento da pressão arterial e arritmias. A taurina e o guaraná podem potencializar esses efeitos, enquanto o ginseng, embora adaptogênico, pode causar desequilíbrios cardiovasculares e metabólicos em doses elevadas. O consumo excessivo de vitaminas do complexo B, adoçantes artificiais e glucuronolactona está relacionado a distúrbios metabólicos, problemas gastrointestinais e efeitos neurotóxicos. Minerais e eletrólitos, apesar de essenciais, podem provocar desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos, aumentando os riscos cardiovasculares e neuromusculares. Ensaios clínicos reforçam esses achados, demonstrando associação entre bebidas energéticas e prolongamento do intervalo QTc, hipertensão, transtornos psiquiátricos e comportamentos de risco quando combinadas com álcool. Conclui-se que, embora comercializadas como estimulantes de desempenho, as bebidas energéticas representam riscos significativos à saúde quando consumidas em excesso. A conscientização pública, regulamentações mais rigorosas e pesquisas adicionais são fundamentais para garantir um consumo mais seguro e reduzir os efeitos adversos a longo prazo.
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